Quotes on Strategic Composition in the Writing Process

Quotes on Strategic Composition in the Writing Process The writing process is the series of overlapping steps that most writers follow in composing texts. Also called the composing process. In composition classrooms before the 1980s, the writing was often treated as an orderly sequence of discrete activities. Since thenas a result of studies conducted by Sondra Perl, Nancy Sommers, and othersthe stages of the writing process have come to be recognized as fluid and recursive. Beginning in the mid-1990s, research in the field of composition studies began to shift again, from an emphasis on process to a post-process focus with the emphasis on pedagogical and theoretical examination of culture, race, class, and gender (Edith Babin and Kimberly Harrison, Contemporary Composition Studies, Greenwood, 1999). Reflect on these facts, and your own writing process, as you explore the following excerpts. Process vs. Product: Writing Workshops A watchword of much recent composition theory is process: teachers are warned against concentrating on papers as products and invited to engage with papers as part of the writing process. . . .Teachers interested in the writing process may turn their classes into writing workshops in which commentary on papers is designed to spark an ongoing process of revision. In at least one influential model, this workshop atmosphere follows from the belief that students already know how to express themselves, that writing is based on an innate competence for expression.(Harry E. Shaw, Responding to Student Essays, Teaching Prose: A Guide for Writing Instructors, edited by K.V. Bogel and K. K. Gottschalk, Norton, 1984) The Recursive Nature of the Writing Process   [D]uring any stage of the writing process, students may engage mental processes in a previous or successive stage.(Adriana L. Medina, The Parallel Bar: Writing Assessment and Instruction, in  Reading Assessment and Instruction for All Learners, ed. by Jeanne Shay Schumm. Guilford Press, 2006)- The term [recursive] refers to the fact that writers can engage in any act of composingfinding ideas, thinking about ways of organizing them, imagining ways of expressing themat any time during their writing and often perform these acts many times while writing.(Richard Larson, Competing Paradigms for Research and Evaluation in the Teaching of English.  Research in the Teaching of English, October 1993) Creativity and the Writing Process The open-ended writing process may lead to successive versions of a short piece of writing as it goes through various stages or transformations: you end up keeping what is in effect the last version and throwing away all the previous onesthat is, throwing away 95 percent of what you have written. . . .If you separate the writing process into two stages, you can exploit these opposing muscles [of creativity versus critical thinking] one at a time: first be loose and accepting as you do fast early writing; then be critically toughminded as you revise what you have produced. What youll discover is that these two skills used alternately dont undermine each other at all, they enhance each other.For it turns out, paradoxically, that you increase your creativity by working on critical thinking. What prevents most people from being inventive and creative is fear of looking foolish.(Peter Elbow, Writing With Power: Techniques for Mastering the Writing Process, 2nd ed. Oxford University. Press , 1998) Writers on the Writing Process You must write first and avoid afterward. A writer is in no danger of splitting an infinitive if he has no infinitive to split.(Stephen Leacock, How to Write, 1943)- In the writing process, the more a story cooks, the better. The brain works for you even when you are at rest. I find dreams particularly useful. I myself think a great deal before I go to sleep, and the details unfold in the dream.(Doris Lessing in Mrs. Lessing Addresses Some of Lifes Puzzles, by Herbert Mitgang. The New York Times, April 22, 1984) Criticism of the Process Paradigm For many writing teachers and researchers, the thirty-year-old love affair with the process paradigm has finally begun to cool. . .. Frustration has focused on a number of problems: the way writing has been turned into a largely interior phenomenon; the way it has been reduced to a more-or-less uniform sequence of stages (thinking, writing, revision); the way it has been modeled on a single kind of text, the school essay; and the way it has been conceived as the outcome of a general skill that transcends both content and context and is capable of being learned in a short period of time by young people in formal educational settings. At its worst, critics have contended, the process has left our students without a precise language to talk about rhetorical products, without substantive knowledge concerning rhetorical practices and their effects, and without the deep-seated rhetorical habits and dispositions needed for effective and responsible participation in genuinely deliberative de mocracies.(J. David Fleming, The Very Idea of a Progymnasmata. Rhetoric Review, No. 2, 2003)

Paronyms and Paranyms

Paronyms and Paranyms Paronyms and Paranyms Paronyms and Paranyms By Maeve Maddox Thanks to a question from an ESL learner, I discovered the word paronym. Paronym The OED offers three definitions of paronym in the context of word types: 1. A word which is derived from another word or from a word with the same root, and having a related or similar meaning, (e.g. childhood and childish); a derivative or cognate word. 2. A word from one language which translates into another with only minor changes in form, or with no change at all; a word formed by adaptation of a foreign word. 3. A word similar in sound or appearance to another; especially, a near homonym. The ESL student was looking for a list of words like these: affect/effect farther/further alternately/alternatively interested/interesting corrupted/corrupt adopt/adapt continuous/contiguous I usually call such words â€Å"words commonly confused† or- in headline-speak- â€Å"Confused Words.† Like other nouns that denote semantic terms, paronym is made up of a Greek element, par- (â€Å"altered†), plus the suffix -onym (â€Å"name† or â€Å"word†). Note: The word-forming element par- can also be rendered alongside, beyond; contrary; irregular, and abnormal. The earliest citation for paronym in the sense of â€Å"a near homonym† is 1867. The other uses also emerge in the second half of the 19th century. In the course of researching the meaning of paronym, I discovered that it has a paronym of its own: paranym. Paranym Lance Hogben (a zoologist who wrote popular books on language) used the word paranym in 1963 in sense of â€Å"a near synonym,† but the OED notes that this use is â€Å"rare† and fails to cite any other examples. A different, more useful definition is this one: paranym: A euphemistic word or phrase whose literal sense is contrary to the reality of what it refers to, used especially to disguise or misrepresent the truth about something. Here’s the earliest OED citation for this use: A newspaper columnist has recently been collecting what he calls ‘paranyms’- words whose meaning is generally the opposite of that intended by the speakerThe writer Brian Aldiss thereupon contributed an example he had found in the New Testament: ‘â€Å"everlasting life†; in other words â€Å"death†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. The Listener, 1976. Whereas I find words like synonym, antonym, homonym and heteronym extremely useful because they are easily defined and well known, I won’t be using paronym because it has more than one meaning. Paranym, on the other hand, appeals to me. In these times of political correctness, we can use a word that means â€Å"A euphemistic word or phrase whose literal sense is contrary to the reality of what it refers to.† It’s a worthy companion to Stephen Colbert’s truthiness: Act or quality of preferring concepts or facts one wishes to be true, rather than those known to be true. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:75 Contronyms (Words with Contradictory Meanings)How to spell "in lieu of"10 Functions of the Comma

Religion and Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Religion and Society - Essay Example This led to the conclusion that Protestantism in Europe helped to shape capitalism thereby having a profound effect on economic systems across Europe. I hold the opinion that religion and economy are closely linked and both have a major contribution in the society. Religion affects how people relate with each other and themselves, thereby having a huge impact on the views, opinions and beliefs of individuals with regard to other activities that they are engaged in within their societies. These opinions, worldviews and beliefs are then transferred in business where people exchange goods and services using recognized media of exchange. Religious values such as love, respect, trust hard work and other doctrines such as salvation, sin and predestination also shape how people view ownership, use and disposal of property (Johnstone, 2007). Religion encourages people to be diligent and take care of the surroundings in a way that pleases the Supreme Being, through hard work. Max Weber, realizing the influence of religion on individuals sought to analyze how such influence affected how individuals perceived the economy and business in general. In his theory, Max Weber attempts to elucidate the emergence of Europe and its uniqueness as a dominant economic force globally. Protestantism forms the core of his theory on the origins of capitalism as a major economic model. Capitalism emerged in the 17th century; concurrently with the Protestant reformation, that was taking place in Europe (Johnstone, 2007). During this time, religion was very important to most people and had a lot of influence in their actions and ways of thinking. According to Weber, capitalism began from religion and not from any technological developments that had started springing in the society at the time. Calvinist religions in Germany in particular were very fundamental in shaping the economic system in Germany and across Europe. Weber believed that the work ethic of

Patterns of Trade A Closer Look at Two Countries Essay

Patterns of Trade A Closer Look at Two Countries - Essay Example This led to very close ties with the Middle East, South America, US, Singapore, Japan and other South East Asian countries in terms of trade. The failure of a number of South East Asian economies such as Hong Kong, Thailand and Indonesia in the 1990s had little impact on the economy of Australia. Even the political events in the neighboring countries, such as commotions in Fiji and Indonesia, have had no effect on Australia's international trade (IMF, 1999). Australia mainly exports minerals such as gold, aluminum, iron ore and coal as well as transport equipment, machinery, cotton, wheat and meat. The largest importer of Australia's products is Japan, which bought products worth about $9 billion in 1999. The US was second after importing products worth about $4 billion. Other major importers are Italy, Malaysia, Indonesia, UK, Singapore, China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, New Zealand and South Korea. As can be seen, eight out of the top twelve importers of Australian products are from Asia (IMF, 1999). Australia mainly imports clothing, aircraft equipment, pharmaceutical and medical products, oil products, telecommunications equipment, computers and office machinery, transport equipment; mainly motor vehicles, and machinery. The US is the largest exporter of its products to Australia, having exported about $10 billion worth of products in 1999. Australia also gets lots of imports from Malaysia, Italy, Singapore, Taiwan, Indonesia, New Zealand, South Korea, Germany, China, the UK and Japan (IMF, 1999). The recent value depreciation of the Australian dollar against the US dollar could affect its current trade deficit, since Australian's exports have become cheaper than its imports. On the other hand, a weak Australian currency gives it a competitive advantage over the US, Canada and other countries that sell raw materials to Japan among other countries. The main disadvantage is that the imported goods become expensive since more money is required to buy the same product. Australians may therefore find imported goods too costly and even stop buying them, leading to a decrease in these imports while the exports continue increasing. If this continues, it could lead to a drop in the deficit level (OECD, 2003). Japan Table 1: Japan's international trade Year Value of Imports Value of Exports 1975 US$58 US$56 1980 US$141 US$130 1985 US$130 US$177 1990 US$235 US$288 1995 US$336 US$443 1998 US$280 US$388 Source: IMF Financial Statistics Yearbook 1999 Japan benefited from big trade surpluses in the 1980s mainly due to its diversified manufacturing sector and its restrictive tariffs and regulations that locked out international competition in order to protect its local market (Krugman, 1992). However, Japans trading partners and competitors such as the US forced it open up its economy in the 1980s, resulting in increased imports and decreased surpluses in the 1990s, reaching US$ 144 in 1994 and dropping further to US$84 two years later (IMF, 1999). Japan mainly imports fishery products, agricultural products, fuel, minerals, raw materials, machinery and equipment. On the other han

Menu Planning Food Beverage Management Marketing Essay

Menu Planning Food Beverage Management Marketing Essay Devon plc is related to the hostility sector company. It has more than 25 year experience regarding that field. So they carry on their future activities with good manner. They always think their future. It consists Demand planning, future forecasting, swot analyzing and future progress planning. In present they accomplish the hospitality establishment which is situated in Torquay. By paying  £1,800, 000, it consists of 20 double en suite bedrooms, a restaurant which seats sixty, and banqueting suits that may accommodate one hundred gusts. It covered the lot of services relating to the restaurant sector. To implementation and carry on this project they draft the business plan and other management accounting statement to get really picture about the investment. In here it is very essential to do feasibility study in the first step. The industry trends checklist provides a sample of topics us might want to study as part of our market analysis. The area of marketing planning involves forging a plan for a firms marketing activities. A marketing plan can also pertain to a specific product, as well as to an organizations overall marketing strategy. Generally speaking, an organizations marketing planning process is derived from its overall business strategy. Thus, when top management is devising the firms strategic direction or mission, the intended marketing activities are incorporated into this plan. Within the overall strategic marketing plan, the marketing planning process contains the following stages: Marketing sector is very importation to service Provider Company, not only this company but also all the firms depend on the market structure. If we not well planed the market structure it will badly affect to the future demand and it goodwill also. So Devon analysis current product mix and they turn their product portfolio to restaurant side also. Lean marketing concepts are applied in work methods, Strong determination positive attitude of the majority of the staff, Good distribution net work for sales, Good reputation from in this area, Knowledge Management is in place, Attractive location. Various kinds of facilities are in this area. Attract best people (new or professionals), Consistent good performance on Internal process are the main strength of Devin plc. Lean marketing concepts must analysis these products because of this is service provider business, when it is so it highly move with the customer (people).if they do a little mistake it will badly have an effect on to their reputation. Their going through the market analysis and their product portfolio as well .because of if they produce the product to the market with out of analysis market they will be loss in very shortly. Devon Company wishes to acquire the 10% of growth rate as their turnover. As well they decided to the prices for their product by adding 65% of profit to each for the food and beverage. Accommodation can be divided in two separate sectors as luxury and normal. When pricing 55% profit add to their cost in luxury level and normal rooms will be added 45% profit to their cost. Devon plc is related to the hostility sector company. In present they accomplish the hospitality establishment which is situated in Torquay. By paying  £1,800, 000, it consists of 20 double en-suite bedrooms, a restaurant which seats sixty, and banqueting suits that may accommodate one hundred gusts. It covered the lot of services relating to the restaurant sector. By investing such amount of money to this new restaurant they will wish to have a well performance in their marketing and financial sector. If they able to give food and beverage in good quality, they will able cover their capital investment with in very near future. If they try to supply more than facility to the customer in every side, it also helps to mounting up their reputation. It indirectly increases their profit.

Anthropology: Human and Natural Selection

The chapter 2 in the textbook â€Å"Cultural Anthropology† mentions about the reflection in culture of nonhuman primates onto human’s one. In this chapter, I really impress about the idea â€Å"natural selection†. â€Å"Natural selection is the process by which organism better adapt to the environment reproduce more effectively compared with less well-adapted forms†(â€Å"The evolution of humanity and culture†) The â€Å"natural selection†, for me, is the best explanation for the difference between our modern humans and nonhuman primates. From the beginning, every nonhuman species, including humans, had a common root.However, because of the difference sources of food, they changed their body structures (teeth, intestine) to adapt to their dietary needs. For example, frugivores eat fruits, so their big front teeth make them easily bite foods. On the other hand, folivores have the very strong chewing teeth to help them break leaves into small p ieces, easily to digest because of their richness of cellulose chemical. In the article â€Å"Ancient Genes and Modern Health† written by S. Boyd Eaton and Melvin Konner, they also talk about the concept of â€Å"natural selection† in another way.They discuss about the change in height of ancient human compared to modern humans. According to them, the height of humans changed because of the decrease of protein intake in their dietary pattern. About 30,000 years ago, the average height of men is about 5’9 (177. 1cm), women 5’5 (166. 5cm); compared to modern human nowadays, men average 5’8 (174. 4cm), women 5’4 (163. 4cm). In my opinion, this decrease in height is also a kind of â€Å"natural selection†. Before, human food mostly obtained by foraging. All foods were absolutely savage. They contained higher protein.The more agriculture developed, the less the protein intake in the animal meat was. Therefore, humans obtained less daily pr otein than before. After generations, the human genes tend to â€Å"evolute† to adapt to the new daily protein needs. The new genes made human body structures get smaller. As the result, with smaller bodies, humans needed less protein to maintain the daily activities. In this case, â€Å"natural selection† represents as a primary role in human body form. Next, another idea which I really like is the female role in the ancient sociality.As I mentioned earlier, when human didn’t know anything about agriculture, their food were mostly obtained by foraging. Most women went garaging, while men went hunting. However, because of the limit of hunting weapons, the hunting foods were not enough for the whole sociality. Therefore, women, who the ones gave majority of food, had power in the community. I think by the time women got power, the world was more peaceful. No war, no death, no tear. I believe that the world would be much better in the future if women, again, have the power, have a strong influence in the politic manner on the world.

Oprah Winfrey Obstacles - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 403 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/10/30 Category People Essay Level High school Tags: Oprah Winfrey Essay Did you like this example? Some people find it difficult to cope with the obstacles they have to face. Oprah is not one of those people. Oprah Winfrey childhood was not an easy 1. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Oprah Winfrey: Obstacles" essay for you Create order growing up she was abused sexually physically throughout her adult life Oprah to Face many more obstacles. Oprah Winfrey has been able 2 cope with the opposite of what she Faced because she had a support system she stayed positive and she was always learning. According to paragraph 4 streets states that her life changes for the better because of her father. This shows that Oprah had a support system, she was able to cope with the obstacles she faced. Before she started living with her father no one really look after her. While she was living with her grandma she was beaten regular. While living with her mom she was sexually and physically abused.It was her father who encouraged her to focus on her and her education. As a result, she received a scholarship and attended college. Oprah Winfrey has been able to cope with the obstacles she faced because of her staying positive attitude. According to Street paragraph, 5 States Oprah Winfrey has a staying positive vibe. This shows that despite all that she has been through Oprah has been able to stay positive. Unlike Oprah most people how to grow up living poverty become angry are we sent for that they had to live that way. The obstacles that Oprahs face gave her appreciation for what she has now this positive attitude is why Oprah has been able to move forward in life the obstacles she faced didnt hold playback dang positive has helped Oprah Winfrey through the obstacles that shes been facing. Oprah Winfrey has been able to cope with the Obstacles that have faced and it is always learning. According to streets paragraph 11 state that As has been true with so many who have learned to overcome major obstacles in their lives, Oprah found a way to not only overcome her childhood abuse and traumas. but to use what she learned from them to become extremely successful in her adult life And she continues to encourage others to do the same. â€Å"Turn your wounds into wisdom,† she tells the viewers of her network. Oprah Winfrey is Shane that she was always learning from The obstacles she faced and the thing that Her father and Friends have told her and thats always learning.